Exotic Babylon… the land just outside the original Garden… the place where war and earthly kings came into existence. To understand Babylon, we must comprehend some important features of the man who started it all. Before Nimrod, there were neither wars nor reigning monarchs. The Bible tells us that Nimrod was Noah’s great-grandson and Ham’s grandson; both whom survived God’s judgment of the Flood encased within God’s ark of protection.
BABEL
Nimrod’s first conquest was the ancient city of Babel. The Bible calls Babel“the beginning of Nimrod’s kingdom” (Gen 10:10). Its primitive Hebraic root means to overflow or to mix.[1] My book zeroes in on the concept of mixture – the essence of Babylon.[2] It’s the place where a group of people began to indiscriminately mix the sacred with the profane. Combining the sacred with the profane brought confusion, which, understandably, is Babel’s primary definition.[3]
Nimrod spearheaded mixing the sacred with the profane. He was the mighty leader who first institutionalized idolatry; but it would have been very difficult to introduce and promulgate idolatry in one-fell-swoop due to the Flood still being fresh in the people’s minds. Nimrod’s generation had living testimonies among them, because Noah and many of his descendants were still alive. BTW – The year of the dispersion of the seventy nations from the Tower of Babel has been recorded to be 340 years after the Flood. Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth were all still alive at this time; and Abraham was 48-years old.[4]
To mix something means to combine or blend two different elements into one mass. At Christmastime, commerce and religion are commingled,[5] which is not always a bad combination; but the co-mingling of worship and entertainment – the sacred and the sensual – is. My Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary also defines the word “mix” as crossbreeding, which results in a hybrid. It’s an offspring of two different genera that involves crossing two different breeds. In Nimrod’s case he mixed the truths of God’s sacred kingdom with the lies of Satan’s demonic one. Santa-tizing focuses its sights on the mixture instituted way back in Babylon. When the Lord tells us: “The mixture of Christmas grieves My heart. Come out of Babylon and lay down Christmas, for I will have a pure and spotless Bride,” He is giving us a precious glimpse into His heart. Please refer to “My Last Christmas” http://wp.me/p158HG-4E .
TO REPEAT CHILDHOOD
The Tower of Babel was on a plain in Shinar (Gen 11:1-9). Therefore, Babylon is in Shinar. Although the origin of the word “Shinar”[6] is said to be unknown, the late Reverend Alexander Hislop extrapolates that “Shinar” implies the idea of repeating childhood,[7] so let’s explore the concept that Babylon is in the practice of repeating childhood.
Let’s acknowledge that being nostalgic is not bad in and of it self. A problem occurs when the emotional pull of anything, keeps us from maturing. This is when nostalgia can be unhealthy. The Bible tells us to put away childish ways, and move unto perfection (1 Cor 13:11-13). We cannot put away childish ways if we value them so highly, we refuse to let them go. God’s people must hold onto Him tighter than to any other thing in this world. Dr. Neil Chadwick relates: “Often when people call the church looking for financial assistance at Christmas time, they may say, ‘It’s just not right that the children won’t have any Christmas.’ Most of the time we associate Christmas with giving presents, especially giving them to children. Yes, Christmas is for children – but we all are children.”[8] Kate West, High Priestess of a Wiccan coven in Cheshire said that: “Many Pagans do celebrate Christmas, but mainly for the children.”[9] “Not very much has changed in the way Christmas is celebrated from the way pagans observed the day (under a different name) centuries before the birth of Jesus!”[10]
Natalie Constanza-Chavez’s column entitled “Grace notes” speaks about: “If you believe in Santa Claus, he is real.” She concludes, “Perhaps God gave us an imagination so things unexplainable and unlikely could live and breathe and feed our soul when we need them most. And so we can teach our children that things unseeable can still be very real and that not every part of us needs to grow up and grow old.”[11] Generally speaking, America, as a society, is stuck on not wanting to grow up or old. Our culture is fixated on youth and play. It is in a word “childish” in many ways. Our bumper stickers proclaim, “He who dies with the most toys wins” or “I’d rather be fishing …hiking …dancing.”
Who does not vicariously re-live their childhood during the Christmas season? Raise your hands. If we are honest, when someone mentions Christmas, we are flooded with the nostalgia of trimming the Christmas tree, Santa Claus, playing that part in the Christmas pageant, et cetera. If you had Santa Claus amongst your holiday traditions, you probably went to the mall to sit on Santa’s lap. You probably wrote a letter to Santa addressed to the North Pole. You probably made out a Christmas Wish List. You probably set out milk and cookies for Santa so he would have enough energy to get gifts to all the children in the world in one magical night. You probably thought you heard sleigh bells before you feel asleep on Christmas Eve, and you probably thought that the best thing about Christmas was waking up on Christmas morning and finding at least one of your best presents under the tree. I can say all this, because I grew up immersed in it all. I encourage each of us to take into account the question: Who would have a harder time laying down Christmas in your family? Grandparents? Parents? Children? By the way, my five-year-old son had no problem whatsoever. Please refer to “My Last Christmas” http://wp.me/p158HG-4E article.
The first time God’s people came out of Babylon, they had been trying to make a name for themselves. The next time God’s people will endeavor to display His glorious Name through presenting their bodies as a living and holy sacrifices (Romans 12:1). The next time the people of God come out of Babylon, they will also have one heart and one mind; but this time, unlike the first time, God’s people will truly be set on loving the Lord our God with all their heart, all their soul, and all their strength. This Bridal Company will be one with a common purpose to make God’s Name great – totally surrendering all to Him and His Kingdom ways. Coming out of Babylon in this kingdom day will result in bringing the One New Man (Jew and Gentile) in the Messiah together.[12] To do this, we will have to forsake all, but the Lord; and then He will, incredibly and wondrously, make heaven and earth His people’s oyster. We will be able to scale celestial heights united with Him. We will have boundless, even creative, potential in the domain God has given man – the earth and all that is in it.
This corporate reality probably won’t manifest for some time; but the option of fully uniting in love with our Beloved is available to us, individually, right now. Christians sing: “All for Jesus… our precious Jesus.” Do we really mean it?
SEMIRIAMIS – THE FIRST BABYLONIAN QUEEN OF HEAVEN
Our buddy, Nimrod, founded Babylon. He founded man-made governments based on a viciously competitive economic system. Although the great apostasy Nimrod started morphed and existed in various forms through numerous cultures throughout time, its final form can be reviewed in the book of Revelation in Chapter 17 and 18 (religious and political Babylon).
Nimrod had a wife, Semiramis, who was exalted alongside her influential husband. Truth be told, Semiramis probably had as much personal ambition as Nimrod.The ringleader of the rebellion against God – Nimrod – met with a violent death. He was cut into pieces, and parts of him was sent as a warning throughout the then-known world. The various Mysteries testify to these facts through their legends, which are sometimes also called traditions. After Nimrod’s fateful death, Semiramis[[13]][[14]] had to create a scheme so she could retain her exalted position. She began to lie, and were they whoppers! She told anyone willing to listen to her that Nimrod had actually chosen to willingly die for all mankind. Not only did Nimrod willingly sacrifice his bod; but he had come back from the dead in the form of her son – Tammuz. Semiramis told the world that Nimrod had been reincarnated in Tammuz through her own immaculate conception. Almost too close for comfort. Isn’t it? What did Lucifer see before he fell? He lived in eternity with God, outside of time and space. Lucifer must have been able to see into time and space for many false marks that mimic the Messiah can be tracked throughout paganism centuries before Christ came to earth.
The mother-child cult grew up out of Semiramis’ immaculate conception lie. Let’s simply note for now that the pagan mother-child cult has been consistently represented as a woman holding a baby son in her arms – the Madonna and child. This cult, which originated in Babel, justified the worship of Semiramis as the first mother goddess by saying the work of redemption (manifested through Tammuz – the begotten son) could not have been accomplished without her. Therefore, Semiramis was elevated, by self and man, to the status of “deity” and given the title of “The Virgin Mother.”
YULETIDE SEASON
There were many rituals and symbols that accompanied the mother-child cult of antiquity (an integral part of religious Babylon) – included was the Yule Log tradition. It is no mere coincidence that the burning of the Yule Log was at one time one of the most well-established traditions of Christmas.[15]
Before we hop out of the Babylonian frying pan into the Yuletide fire, let’s understand the word “Yule.”[16] In the ancient Chaldean language of Babylon, the word Yule is the name for an infant or little child. [[17]] [[18]] Therefore, the very name by which Christmas is also known – Yule-day or the Yuletide season – is literally linked to its Babylonian origin. Far and wide, in the realms of ancient paganism, the birth of the son of the Babylonian Queen of Heaven was celebrated at the time of midwinter (i.e. the winter solstice), which in antiquity equated to the date of December twenty-fifth.[19] Take for example how the 25th of December was called “Yule-day” by the pagan Anglo-Saxons long before they came in contact with Christianity.[20] Remnants of this ancient root are still evident in the Nordic people of Norway and Sweden. They declare: “God Jul (pronounced good yewl)” and “God Jul (pronounced good yeul)” respectively when they say the equivalent to Merry Christmas.
Part of the birth celebration of the original Babylonian Queen of Heaven’s son consisted of bringing in a Yule Log on December 24th. The Yule Log symbolized Nimrod being cut down in the prime of his life and in the height of his power; then cut into pieces and burned.[21] The Yule Log ceremony celebrated the sun during the winter solstice.[22] The word “solstice” comes from the word “sun,” and it means to “stand still” as it appears to do on the shortest day of the year as the sun gets nearest to the southern horizon.[23] The date of December twenty-fifth was designated the highest holy day of the pagan year, because it was originally associated with the mother-child cult. Still today, one of the eight Wiccan/Pagan holidays is called Yule, and it celebrates the shortest day of the year.[24] The southernmost descent of the sun on the ancient calendar was said to portray the death of Nimrod while the coming back of the sun portrayed his rebirth.
The Yule Log was such an integral part of Christmas for centuries upon centuries that it’s hard to understand why it’s virtually nonexistent in the United States today.[25] As recently as the nineteenth century, bringing the Yule Log in was as much a part of Christmas as putting up an evergreen tree is today.[26]
Everything to do with Yule logs was fraught with pagan rituals and superstitions. As a side, please note that “superstition has occult principles at the core.”[27] “While superstition is defined by the dictionary as an ‘irrational belief,’ when we connect it with an ungodly supernatural belief system it becomes occult superstition.”[28] Know that Babylon (specifically Chaldea) was the primordial center of sorcery. This means that it was, and is, an occultic system to its core. Babylonian systems have been inspired by Satan, because the god of this world controls any unbiblical spiritual practice, including superstitions. Satan gets empowered in our own lives through our beliefs. It is no mere marketing ploy when advertisers and greeting card artists tout “believe” in Santa; there is a deeper spiritual root behind it. We will discuss this issue later.
Let’s concentrate, for now, on superstitions practiced through the Yule Log tradition. Please pay attention to words like: misfortune, luck, talisman, and omen. On December twenty-fourth an enormous freshly cut log would be brought from outside into the house with great ceremony.[29] The first Yule Log superstition involves believing that one’s Yule Log should never be bought.[30] Lucky ones were obtained from one’s own land or from a neighbor.[31] The master of the house placed the Yule Log in the hearth, followed by making libations by sprinkling the wood with oil, salt, and mulled wine, accompanied by suitable prayers.[32] (By the way, making libations is considered to be an act of worship, which is forbidden by the Second Commandment (Exo 20:3-6). Please refer to SANTA-TIZING Chapter 5’ s Section entitled “An Idol in the Form of” for more information.) To light the Yule Log, one had to catch fire in the first attempt or else it was considered a bad omen for the year ahead.[33] It was a sign of misfortune coming to the family.[34] Once the log was lit, it had to be kept burning for twelve hours a day throughout the twelve days of Christmas; otherwise, bad luck would visit the household.[35] This was not always easy, for it was forbidden to tend the Yule Log during the lengthy festive supper on December twenty-fourth, so caution and much effort went into preventing this mishap.
We should note that the ancient Egyptians got their rebirth of the sun celebrations from Babylon. They set the length of the festival at twelve days to reflect the twelve months or divisions of the sun calendar.[36] Additionally, in 567 A.D. Christians officially co-opted the twelve-day midwinter festival. Roman Catholic leaders proclaimed the twelve days from December 25 to Epiphany a “sacred” festive season.[37]
As the Yule Log burned, the people told ghost stories.[38] Funny how the people hoped to keep evil spirits away by burning the Yule Log,[39] yet they told ghost stories, which brought them near. In the Greek culture, there is the story of the Kallikantzaroi[40] – ugly monsters of chaos – who are forced underground most of the year; but during the twelve days of Christmas, the demons are said to roam freely on the earth’s surface. Once again, we find that the Greeks held to the superstitious practice of keeping their Christmas logs burning to scare evil spirits away.[41]
Not only did the superstitious people tell ghost stories as they were futilely trying to scare evil spirits away, they also scrutinized the shadows cast by the fire. Any headless shadow was supposed to foretell a person’s death. Doesn’t this sound like Halloween? For several years now, I’ve noticed that Christmas merchandise has been mixed with Halloween paraphernalia in most stories. Spiritually speaking, this gives us a clue. Additionally, several years ago, I drove pass a local psychic’s storefront every day on my way to and from school. As I prayed for her one day, the Lord told me to pay attention to how she decorates for the holidays. I was amazed that Psychic Kay decorated more for Christmas than for Halloween, followed by every major holiday except Thanksgiving. My observations remarkably coincide with Disneyland’s Haunted Mansion’s ride, which cleverly combines Christmas and Halloween.
Today, the Yule Log has transformed itself. It has become something sweet, just like other Christmas traditions. It’s a pastry called the French Christmas cake or Buche de Noel to be exact. This delicious sponge cake is rolled up, and decorated to look like a Yule Log. In France, this scrumptious buche de noel takes part in the French Christmas Eve meal called reveillon, which takes place after midnight mass.[42] Christians would do well to remember that part of the idolatrous mother-child worship consisted of the burning of logs, the pouring out of libations, and the making of cakes for the Queen of Heaven (Jer 7:17-18). The Lord our God has made no secret that this activity does not glorify Him (Jer 7:17-20; 44:20-30). While the pagan mother-child cult has been active since Babel, it is easily documented that this idolatrous worship did not enter the Church until the third century. General buy-in for the pagan Christmas, made Christian by a man-made decree, did not happen until the fourth century.
Notably, the favorite word for idols in the book of Ezekiel is gillulim. Rabbinical interpreters of scripture connect it with the word for “dung,” or “dungy gods” (Ezek 4:12, 15). Others remarkably prefer to connect this word with the Hebrew word gal, meaning a stone heap. Its primary root means to ‘be round’. It is the idol contemptuously called a mere log.
~ Robin Main
www.sapphirethroneministries.com
www.santa-tizing.com
www.mysticmentoring.com
Copyright Dec. 19, 2012 – Author: Robin Main.
The information in this article and more details about Babylon can be found in Chapter 3 “Babylon and Beyond” in my book: SANTA-TIZING: What’s wrong with Christmas and how to clean it up (available on amazon http://www.amazon.com/SANTA-TIZING-Whats-wrong-Christmas-clean/dp/1607911159/).
*****
[1] The name ‘Babel is formed from the verb balal which means ‘to mix, mingle, confuse, or confound’. This verb is used some 44 times with this same nuance. As such the name of the city Babel would have the idea of ‘confusion by mixing’. The New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible by James Strong, LL.D., S.T.D., OT:1101, “To overcome; to mix”
[2] Babylon is the Greek spelling of the name which in Hebrew is uniformly “Babel.” The word occurs some 290 times and refers to an ancient city on the eastern bank of the Euphrates about twenty miles south of Bagdad, near the modern village of Hilla in Iraq. Akkadian seems to derive the name from babili(m) or from another earlier Sumerian source. But in both cases it means “Gate of God.” Genesis 11:9 gives the name as Babel (perhaps from bālal “to confuse”) but probably intended as a parody, a word play referring to what happened when the languages were confused.
[3] The New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible by James Strong, LL.D., S.T.D., OT:894, “confusion”
[4] The Chumash: The Stone Edition, by Rabbi Nosson Scherman, 1-9. The Tower of Babel and the Dispersion,“The year… is 1996 from Creation, 340 years after the Flood. Noah and his children were still alive at the time, and Abraham, 48 years old, had already recognized his Creator (Seder Olam), p. 48.”
[5] Consumer Rites: The Buying & Selling of American Holidays by Leigh Eric Schmidt, Introduction, p. 3
[6] Theological Word book of the Old Testament by Laird R. Harris, Robert Laird Harris, Gleason Leonard Archer, Bruce K. Waltke, Shinar (ASV and RSV), used eight times. “Shinar is the ot designation for southern Mesopotamia, the alluvial plain between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. The area was known by the Sumerians as Sumer and Akkad. It later became known as Babylonia. In two of the eight passages Shinar is called Babylonia in the LXX (Isa 11:11 and Zech 5:11). In Gen 10:10 we are told that the great tyrant and empire builder Nimrod founded his kingdom in Babel, Erech (Sumerian Uruk), Akkad (Agade) and Calneh in the land of Shinar. From here he pushed north into Assyria. It was here also, in Shinar, that rebellious man built the well-known tower of Babel in direct defiance of God (Gen 11:2). In Dan 1:2 it is the land of Shinar to which Nebuchadnezzar removes the vessels of the temple of God, and in Isaiah 11:11 we are told that Shinar is one of the lands from which regathered Israel will return when the Millenial age is established. In Zech 5:11 the woman in the ephah, representing a concentration of evil (v. 8), is removed to the land of Shinar where a temple is built for her.” Personal note: All of this points to a sinister significance for Shinar as being the major center for the development of a culture and civilization built on counterfeit religion, rebelliousness against the true God and his revealed word, the cradle of imperial tyranny and the enemy of God’s people, in short, the epitome of wickedness (Cf. as well the many biblical references to Babylon.).
[7] The Two Babylons by the Late Rev. Alexander Hislop, Chapter IV – Doctrine and Discipline, Section I – Baptismal Regeneration, “There have been considerable speculations about the meaning of the name Shinar, as applied to the region of which Babylon was the capital. Do not the facts above stated cast light on it? What so likely a derivation of this name as to derive it from ‘shene,’ ‘to repeat,’ and ‘naar,’ ‘childhood.’ The land of ‘Shinar,’ then, according to this view, is just the land of the ‘Regenerator.’”
[8] Christmas is the Children’s Holiday, A Sermon by Dr. Neil Chadwick, http://www.webedelic.com/church/chrisch.htm
[9] Whose Christmas is it anyway?, BBC News, December 20, 1997, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/for_christmas/_new_year/pagan_christmas/37276.stm
[10] Christmas or Pagan-mass? by Rev Yeshayahu Heilczer, www.garnertedarmstrong.ws/christmas2.html
[11] If you believe in Santa Claus, he is real, Grace notes, Natalie Constanza-Chavez, Coloradoan, December 11, 2005, p. C2
[12] Ephesians 2:14-18
[13] The Two Babylons by Rev. Alexander Hislop, Chapter II, Section II, Sub-Section V, The Deification of the Child: “Semiramis gained glory from her dead and deified husband [Nimrod]; and in the course of time both of them, under the names of Rhea and Nin, or “Goddess-Mother and Son,” were worshipped with an enthusiasm that was incredible, and their images were everywhere set up and adored. [It would seem that no public idolatry was ventured upon till the reign of the grandson of Semiramis, Arioch or Arius. (Cedreni Compendium)]” Chapter II, Section III, The Mother of the Child: “Valerius Maximus does not mention anything about the representation of Semiramis with the child in her arms; but as Semiramis was deified as Rhea, whose distinguishing character was that of goddess Mother, and as we have evidence that the name, “Seed of the Woman,” or Zoroaster, goes back to the earliest times–viz., her own day (CLERICUS, De Chaldoeis), this implies that if there was any image-worship in these times, that “Seed of the Woman” must have occupied a prominent place in it. As over all the world the Mother and the child appear in some shape or other, and are found on the early Egyptian monuments that shows that this worship must have had its roots in the primeval ages of the world. … This Babylonian queen was not merely in character coincident with the Aphrodite of Greece and the Venus of Rome, but was, in point of fact, the historical original of that goddess that by the ancient world was regarded as the very embodiment of everything attractive in female form, and the perfection of female beauty; for Sanchuniathon assures us that Aphrodite or Venus was identical with Astarte, and Astarte being interpreted, is none other than “The woman that made towers or encompassing walls” — i.e., Semiramis. … How extraordinary, yea, frantic, was the devotion in the minds of the Babylonians to this goddess queen, is sufficiently proved by the statement of Herodotus, as to the way in which she required to be propitiated. That a whole people should ever have consented to such a custom as is there described shows the amazing hold her worship must have gained over them. Nonnus, speaking of the same goddess, calls her “The hope of the whole world.” (DIONUSIACA in BRYANT) It was the same goddess, as we have seen, who was worshipped at Ephesus, whom Demetrius the silversmith characterized as the goddess “whom all Asia and the world worshipped” (Acts 19:27). So great was the devotion to this goddess queen, not of the Babylonians only, but of the ancient world in general, that the fame of the exploits of Semiramis has, in history, cast the exploits of her husband Ninus or Nimrod, entirely into the shade.”
[14] Sabbath Diagnosis by C. Gary Hullquist, Part 1: Historical Record: Social History, p. 124-125 “…the legendary Semiramis enters the picture. Her name is the Hellenized form of the Sumerian “Sammuramat,” or “gift of the sea.” Various historical references to this mysterious woman of antiquity tend to collaborate a common theme: she was beautiful, shrewd, and powerful ruler of ancient Sumer. Both famed as the wife and mother of Nimrod by different sources… Semiramis was originally Nimrod’s wife, Queen of Shinar and ruler of a vast religious hierarchy of priests and priestesses. …Semiramis … deified herself as the mother of the god Damu [or Dammuz (later Chaldean), also known as Tammuz in Hebrew] (since only a god can beget a god), and installed herself as “The Queen of Heaven.” She became the model for all subsequent goddesses…”
[15] The Book Of Christmas Folklore by Tristram Coffin, p. 18
[16] Multifaith Calendar Glossary, Harvard Divinity School, http://www.hds.harvard.edu/spiritual/calendar_glossary.html: Yule: Winter Solstice, celebrating the longest night and the blessings of darkness as well as the rebirth of the sun god. (Wicca/Paganism) (December 21).
[17] The Two Babylons by Rev. Alexander Hislop, Chapter 3 – Festivals, Section I – Christmas and Lady-day: The very name by which Christmas is popularly known among ourselves –Yule-day — proves at once its Pagan and Babylonian origin. “Yule” is the Chaldee name for an “infant” or “little child”; (From Eol, an “infant.” In Scotland, at least in the Lowlands, the Yule-cakes are also called Nur-cakes. Now in Chaldee Nour signifies “birth.” Therefore, Nur-cakes are “birth-cakes.” The Scandinavian goddesses, called “norns,” who appointed children their destinies at their birth, evidently derived their name from the cognate Chaldee word “Nor,” a child.) and as the 25th of December was called by our Pagan Anglo-Saxon ancestors, “Yule-day,” or the “Child’s day,” and the night that preceded it, “Mother-night,” long before they came in contact with Christianity, that sufficiently proves its real character. Far and wide, in the realms of Paganism, was this birth-day observed.
[18] Yule is a time for commemorating births and infants. Its most primeval celebration is the birth of the sun god. Heritage of Yule by Lark http://www.webofoz.org/heritage/Yule.shtml: This is the night of the Winter Solstice, the night of Yule, “the Wheel.” [ the Wiccan religion bases its Wheel on the dance of the sun… Our light and darkness and our seasonal changes are determined by Mother Earth and her dance around the Sun creating the Wheel of the Year. Mother Earth/Nature and the Wheel of the Year is what Paganism (known as the Goddess religion) is all about. http://www.hecatescauldron.org/Sabbats.htm ]… In the North, the months we know as December and January have long been called Freyja’s Nights of Darkness. The year’s longest night is the Mother Night, and in darkness the Lady labors to bring the Light to birth once more. The Young Sun is born at the Winter Solstice… Horus of Egypt, whose sign is the winged Sun, is born. … Mithras, the Unconquered Sun of Persia, is born. … Juno Lucina, “the little light,” Goddess of the Moon and of the Midwinter Sun, is born. …Isis, Queen of Heaven, gives birth to Horus on the Solstice. Rhea gives birth to Saturn. …
[19] Pagan Origins of Christmas, http://bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Topical.show/RTD/cgg/ID/1143/Christmas-Pagan-Origins-of.htm
[20] The Two Babylons by Rev. Alexander Hislop, Chapter 3 – Festivals, Section I – Christmas and Lady-day
[21] Doctrine of Holidays, http://www.lakeeriebiblechurch.org/Doctrine/html/HOLIDAYS.html
[22] The Yule Log : A Pagan Tradition, http://www.exposingsatanism.org/yulelog.htm
[23] Doctrine of Holidays, http://www.lakeeriebiblechurch.org/Doctrine/html/HOLIDAYS.html
[24] Pagan Origins of Modern Christmas Traditions by Terri Paajanen, http://paganwiccan.about.com/cs/aboutyule/a/paganxmas.htm
[25] The History of the Yule Log, Christmas Lore, http://www.christmaslore.com/the_history_of _the_yule_log.htm
[26] How Christmas Works, http://christmas.howstyffworks.com/christmas10.htm
[27] Deliver Us From Evil by Cindy Jacobs, Chapter 1, p. 24
[28] Ibid, p. 25
[29] The Yule Log, http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/noel/angl/buche.htm
[30] Yule Log Superstitions, http://worldofchristmas.net/christmas-superstitions/yule-log.html
[32] The Yule Log, http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/noel/angl/buche.htm
[33] Yule Log Superstitions, http://worldofchristmas.net/christmas-superstitions/yule-log.html
[35] Yule Log Superstitions, http://worldofchristmas.net/christmas-superstitions/yule-log.html
[37] Ibid
[39] The History of the Yule Log, Christmas Lore, http://www.christmaslore.com/the_history_of _the_yule_log.htm
[40] kallikantzaroi
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